Formulation of Peel-Off Gel Mask from of Carbopol (Daucus carota L) Skin Extract as Antioxidant with variations of Carbopoly Base 940 and Propylene Glycol

 

Ni Nyoman Yuliani¹, Siswandono²*, Tristiana Erawati², Jefrin Sambara¹,

Fatmawati Blegur¹, Sandeep Poddar³

¹Department of Pharmacy Ministry of Health Poltekkkes Kupang, Jl. Piet A. Tallo,

Liliba, Kec. Oebobo, Kota Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Tim., Indonesia.

²Faculty of Pharmacy  Airlangga University, Jl. Airlangga No.4 - 6, Airlangga,

Kec. Gubeng, Kota SBY, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia.

³Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research & Innovation) Lincoln University College,

Wisma Lincoln, 12-18, Jalan SS 6/12, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor D. E., Malaysia.

 

ABSTRACT:

Antioxidant compounds reduce ageing of the skin. Carrot peels contain antioxidant compounds. This research aimed to determine whether the red dragon fruit peels can be made into preparations like peel-off mask gel with variations in carbopol 940 and propylene glikol as the influence of variations in the physical basis of the quality of preparation and antioxidant activity. Carrot peel extraxtion by a maseration method using 70% ethanol. Peel-off mask gel made with a variable concentration of carbopol 940 and propylene glycol which is 0.5%: 5%; 0.5%: 7.5%; 0.5%: 10%; 1%: 5%; 1%: 7.5%; and 1%: 10%. The DPPH (1,1-dyphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl) method was used for the antioxidant test. The evaluation is used for observing the physical properties, which include organoleptic, time to dry, viscosity, spreading, and pH, with antioxidant activity of each formula. The results showed that the carrot peels can be made into a prepared peel-off mask gel. The low amount of propylene glycol and high amount of carbopol 940 affected the quality of the preparation. It had a high viscosity, low dispersive power, an acid pH, dried out slowly, and had low antioxidant activity.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION: 

The process of skin damage, which is characterised by the appearance of wrinkles, scales, dryness, and cracks, is mostly caused by free radicals. In addition to looking dull and wrinkled, the skin ages faster and black spots appear.^1. Antioxidants are compounds that can inhibit reactive oxygen and free radicals in the body. These antioxidant compounds will give up one or more electrons to free radicals so that they become normal molecules again and stop the various damage caused by them.²

 

The human body does not have an abundance of antioxidant reserves, so if there is excessive exposure to radicals, exogenous antioxidants are required. Concerns exist regarding the unknown side effects of synthetic antioxidants, making natural antioxidants a necessary alternative.^3,4 Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyl ansole (BHA) are the most widely used antioxidant synthetic compounds (BHA). However, now there are numerous natural antioxidants capable of inhibiting free radicals. Carrot peel is amongst these plants. The antioxidant content of carrot peel can be found in both the fruit's flesh and peel.

 

The use of natural ingredients as a source of antioxidants in cosmetics is becoming more common.^5,6 There are various dosage forms available for facial cosmetics, one of which is masks. On the market, masks come in paste or powder forms, while gel masks are still uncommon.^{6, 7} Gel masks are commonly known as peel-off gel masks.^8. Some of the advantages of gel masks include ease of use and being easy to rinse and clean. In addition, it can also be lifted or released like an elastic membrane.^6,7

 

The use of natural ingredients as a source of antioxidants in cosmetics is becoming more common.^5,6 Facial cosmetics are available in various forms, such as masks, pastes, or powder form, on the market. While gel masks are still rare, they are commonly known as peel-off gel masks.^6–8. Some of the advantages of gel masks are that they are easy to use, easy to rinse, and clean. In addition, it can also be lifted or released like an elastic membrane.^6,7

 

Carbopol as a gelling agent for topical preparations in the range of 0.5-2.0%.⁹ Carbopol can form a clear gel base. In addition, it has low irritation, is chemically stable, maintains formulation stability and can increase the bioavailability of active ingredients due to its bioadhesive properties.¹⁰

 

In addition to using carbopol, propylene glycol is used as a humectant. Propylene glycol is one of the ingredients that can bind water in the preparation so it doesn't evaporate, stabilise the preparation, and act as a moisturiser on the skin.¹¹ Hendradi et al. (2013) showed that propylene glycol was able to withstand water absorption in preparations compared to glycerin.¹¹ Propylene glycol is also used as a penetration enhancer into the skin.¹² The aims of this study were: To determine that Carbopol (Daucus carota L) peel extract can be made into a peel-off gel mask preparation using variations of carbopol 940 and propylene glycol bases, To determine the effect of variations in the concentration of carbopol 940 and propylene glycol based on physical quality and activity and antioxidant peel-off gel mask preparation Carrot peel extract (Daucus carota L)

 

Population and Sample:

1. Population:

The population used in this study was carrot peel extract peel-off gel mask.

 

2. Sample:

This study used a peel-off gel mask with carbopol peel extract and variations in the base of carbopol 940 and propylene glycol with concentrations of formula I 0.5% carbopol 940 and 5% propylene glycol, formula II 0.5% carbopol 940 and 7.5% propylene glycol, formula III 0.5% carbopol 940 and 5% propylene glycol, and formula IV 0.5% carbopol 940 and 5% propylene glycol.

 

Carbopol 940 and 10% propylene glycol, formula IV. Formula IV contains 1% carbopol 940 and 5% propylene glycol, Formula V contains 1% carbopol 940 and 7.5% propylene glycol, and Formula VI contains 1% carbopol 940 and 10% propylene glycol.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

1. Materials:

The main ingredients used in this study were carrot peel, 70% ethanol, DPPH radical, carbopol 940, triethanolamine, propylene glycol, nipagin, nipasol, aquadest, and methanol.

 

2. Equipment:

The tools used in this research are oven, powder making machine, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, electric balance, vacuum rotary evaporator, moisture balance, pH meter, dispersion test equipment, sieve no. 30, maceration bottle, object glass, mortar, stamper, beaker glass, stirring rod, porcelain cup, measuring cup, and gel pot.

 

3. Drying simplicial:

Carrot fruit skin as much as 3800 grams sorted, washed using running water to remove dirt that is still attached after it was dried in an oven at a temperature of 50°C.

 

4. Preparation:

Dried Simplicia powder will facilitate the pollination process then made powder with a powder maker and then sieved with sieve no. 30. The powder is weighed again to determine the percent dry weight to wet weight.

 

5. Preparation of carrot peel extract:

Extraction was made by weighing 200 grammes of dry powder and then putting it into a dark bottle plus 1500 ml of 70% ethanol solvent. The mixture of dry powder and 70% ethanol was covered and stored for 5 days with occasional shaking, then filtered with flannel cloth. The remaining 500 ml of 70% ethanol was used to wash the dregs and then filtered. Then the solvent was evaporated in a vacuum rotary evaporator at a temperature of 40 °C until a thick extract was obtained.

 

6. Alcohol-free test of Carrot Peel Extract Esterification:

Test by adding concentrated H₂SO₄ and CH₃COOH extract, the result is positive if the extract is alcohol-free or has a characteristic ester odor from alcohol.

 

7. Identification of chemical content of carrot peel extract:

Identification of chemical content to determine the chemical content of carrot peel includes identification of flavonoids.

 

8. The design of the peel-off gel mask:

This formula is made by combining carbopol 940 and propylene glycol. Based on research Septiani et al (2012)⁶ used 5xIC100 as the concentration of the active substance.

Table 1: Design of peel-off gel mask formula Carrot peel extract

Ingredient Name	F I	F II	F III	F IV	F V	F VI	F VII
Active substance	0.84 g	0.84 g	0.84 g	0.84 g	0.84 g	0.84 g	-
PVA	10 g	10 g	10 g	10 g	10 g	10 g	10 g
Carbopol 940	0.5 g	0.5 g	0.5 g	1 g	1 g	1 g	0.5 g
Propylene glycol	5 g	7.5 g	10 g	5 g	7.5 g	10 g	5 g
TEA	2 g	2 g	2 g	2 g	2 g	2 g	2 g
Nipagin	0.2 g	0.2 g	0.2 g	0.2 g	0.2 g	0.2 g	0.2 g
Nipasol	0.05 g	0.05 g	0.05 g	0.05 g	0.05 g	0.05 g	0.05 g
Aquadest ad	100 g	100 g	100 g	100 g	100 g	100 g	100 g

 

9. Preparation of peel-off gel mask:

Carbopol 940 was dispersed in distilled water in a mortar. TEA and propylene glycol were added until a clear, swollen gel was formed. PVA was dissolved with distilled water in a beaker glass and then allowed to expand to form a clear mass. Nipagin and nipasol were dissolved in distilled water and then mixed with the two bases, stirring until homogeneous. Little by little, the rest of the water and carrot peel extract are added to the gel while it is being stirred. This is done until a homogeneous mass is made.

 

10. Physical test of gel mask preparation:

10.1 Organoleptic test. The gel organoleptic test includes color, odor, and consistency tests of the gel mask preparation that has been mixed with the base to physically determine the gel state.

 

10.2 Viscosity test. Test of viscosity of the gel mask preparation were carried out using a Cup and Bob viscometer at week 0 to week 3 after manufacture. The process was replicated 3 times for each formula.

 

10.3 Test drying time. The face mask used is the one that was formulated 48 hours earlier. The amount of face mask that is applied as much as 0.7 grams and applied to the back of the hand with an area of ​​5.0 x 2.5 cm, approximately 1 mm thick, imitates the application of masks on the face.

10.4 Spreadability test. Weighing 0.5 grammes of gel mask, then placing it in the middle of the glass. Then overwritten with another glass and left for 1 minute. Measure the diameter of the spread gel mask (measure by taking the average length of the diameter from several sides). The test was carried out from week 0 to week 3 after making the gel mask.

 

10.5 Test the pH of the gel. The pH test was carried out using a pH meter that was calibrated with standard buffers of pH 4 and pH 7.

 

10.6 Antioxidant activity test. The preparation of the solution to be measured was as follows: The 4 ml of stock solution of carrot peel extract and peel-off gel mask of carrot peel extract were then added with 1 ml of DPPH solution, incubated for the operating time obtained, and then read the absorbance at the maximum wavelength. The first test was carried out after the extract and gel mask preparations were made and then tested again in the last week of storage.

 

Analysis Techniques:

Data analysis was carried out using the Independent T-test statistics with a 95% confidence level on the data from the evaluation of the physical properties of the gel mask on day 2 and day 21 (viscosity, pH, drying time, and dispersibility). The SNK test statistics have been used to compare the formulas. To calculate the antioxidant activity between peel-off gel mask formulas, it was calculated by linear regression between concentration and % attenuation to determine the IC₅₀.

 

Antioxidant activity can be calculated by the formula:

 

Attenuation (%) = absorbance control absorbance sample x 100%

                                             absorbance control

RESULTS:

Results of plant determination Carrot peel Plant:

The determination of the Carrot Peel plant was carried out at the Phytochemicals Pharmacy Study Program of the Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health of Kupang.

 

 

Table 2: Viscosity test results of peel-off gel mask extract Carrot peel

Formula	Composition		Viscosity (dPas± SD)
	Carbopol 940	Propylene glycol	Day 2	Day 21
Formula 1	0.5 g	5g	306.667 ± 5.773a	310.000 ± 10.000
Formula 2	0.5 g	7.5 g	326.667 ± 5.773a	316.667 ± 5.773
Formula 3	0.5 g	10 g	243.333 ± 11.547b	263.333 ± 11.547
Formula 4	1g	5g	596.667 ± 5.773c	610.000 ± 10.000
Formula 5	1g	7.5 g	533.333 ± 15.275d	520.000 ± 17.320
Formula 6	1g	10 g	510.000 ± 10.000e	506.667 ± 5.773
Formula 7 (without extract)	0.5 g	5 g	483.333 ± 15.275f	500.000 ± 20.000
Products	-	-	306.667 ± 11.547a	-

Remarks: numbers followed by letters are not significantly different as tested by SNK test (p = 0.05) the number followed * there was a significant difference with the 2nd day which was tested with the independent t-test (p = 0.05)

 

Table 3: The results of the drying time of the peel-off gel mask extract Carrot peel

Formula	Composition		time (minutes)
	Carbopol  940	Propylene glycol	Day2	Day21
Formula 1	0.5 g	5g	17.30 ± 0.050a	15.34 ± 0.040
Formula 2	0.5 g	7.5 g	19.49 ± 0.015b	21.07 ± 0.020
Formula 3	0.5 g	10 g	15.45 ± 0.035c	14.47 ± 0.020
Formula 4	1g	5g	25.13 ± 0.023d	22.44 ± 0.017
Formula 5	1g	7.5 g	23.36 ± 0.020e	26.20 ± 0.005
Formula 6	1g	10 g	21.47 ± 0.015f	24.21 ± 0.025
Formula 7 (without extract)	0.5 g	5 g	13.54 ± 0.040g	12.05 ± 0.026
Product	-	-	17.34 ± 0.020a	-

Remarks: numbers followed by letters are not significantly different, tested by SNK test (p= 0.05) the number followed by * there was a significant difference with the 2nd day tested by independent t-test (p = 0.05).

 

Description: Formula 1:  gel mask with a ratio of 0.5g carbopol: 5g propylene glycol Formula 2: gel mask with a ratio of 0.5g carbopol: 7.5g propylene glycol Formula 3: gel mask with a ratio of 0.5g carbopol: 10g propylene glycol Formula 4: gel mask with a ratio of 1g carbopol: 5 g propylene glycol Formula 5: gel mask in a 1g carbopol ratio: 7.5g propylene glycol Formula 6: gel mask with a ratio of 1g carbopol: 10g propylene glycol

 

Formula 7: mask gel with a ratio of 0.5 g carbopol: 5 g propylene glycol without extract

 

Based on the comparison between the seven formulas and market products, formulas 1 and formula 2 have the same viscosity as the market product viscosity. Thus, it can be concluded that formulas 1 and 2 have good viscosity.

 

The results of statistical tests using SPSS 17.0, which compared data between storage days 2 and 21, showed that the seven formulas did not significantly differ in viscosity between days 2 and 21. Thus, all seven formulas were stable during storage.

 

Dry time test results:

From the results obtained, there are differences in drying times between formulas, except for formula 1 and the product. The difference in drying time is because the composition of the base in each formula is different. The more carbopol 940 added, the longer the preparation takes to dry. Meanwhile, the higher the propylene glycol added, the faster the preparation dries of the seven formulas. The drying time was good because it was still within 15-30 minutes as in theory. The statistical tests are done using SPSS 17.0. The seven formulas can be said to be stable during storage because the drying time during storage is negligible.

 

 

Table 4: The results of the dispersion test of the peel-off gel mask extract Carrot peel

Formula	Composition		Load (grams)	Diameter of spread (cm)
carbopol 940		Propylene glycol		Day2	Day21
1	0.5 g	5 g	55.129	4.48 ± 0.040	4.49 ± 0.011
			105.129	4.99 ± 0.028	5.08 ± 0.051
			155.129	5.40 ± 0.000	5.48 ± 0.040
			205.129	5.83 ± 0.028	5.76 ± 0.052
			255.129	6.11 ± 0.059a	6.14 ± 0.040
2	0.5 g	7.5 g	55.129	4.56 ± 0.036	4.94 ± 0.040
			105.129	5.27 ± 0.017	5.67 ± 0.025
			155.129	5.65 ± 0.050	6.32 ± 0.028
			205.129	6.06 ± 0.028	6.54 ± 0.040
			255.129	6.38 ± 0.057a	6.92 ± 0.036
3	0.5 g	10 g	55.129	4.91 ± 0.065	4.91 ± 0.065
			105.129	5.78 ± 0.060	5.66 ± 0.028
			155.129	6.34 ± 0.051	6.07 ± 0.017
			205.129	6.71 ± 0.036	6.59 ± 0.011
			255.129	7.06 ± 0.017b	6.97 ± 0.028
4	1 g	5 g	55.129	3.66 ± 0.036	3.61 ± 0.017
			105.129	4.31 ± 0.017	4.23 ± 0.025
			155.129	4.57 ± 0.036	4.54 ± 0.040
			205.129	5.01 ± 0.076	4.85 ± 0.050
			255.129	5.28 ± 0.050c	5.18 ± 0.025
5	1 g	7.5 g	55.129	3.79 ± 0.040	3.65 ± 0.068
			105.129	4.55 ± 0.025	4.17 ± 0.057
			155.129	4.79 ± 0.051	4.52 ± 0.085
			205.129	5.12 ± 0.052	4.74 ± 0.040
			255.129	5.46 ± 0.017d	5.24 ± 0.051
6	1 g	10 g	55.129	3.88 ± 0.025	3.84 ± 0.040
			105.129	4.66 ± 0.036	4.33 ± 0.028
			155.129	4.81 ± 0.017	4.64 ± 0.011
			205.129	5.36 ± 0.065	4.96 ± 0.028
			255.129	5.67 ± 0.028e	5.15 ± 0.028
7	0.5 g	5 g	55.129	3.90 ± 0.057	4.02 ± 0.096
			105.129	4.42 ± 0.028	4.88 ± 0.057
			155.129	4.85 ± 0.040	5.17 ± 0.036
			205.129	5.39 ± 0.040	5.46 ± 0.028
			255.129	5.65 ± 0.028e	5.69 ± 0.040
Product	-	-	55.129	4.38 ± 0.107	-
			105.129	5.15 ± 0.025	-
			155.129	5.47 ± 0.036	-
			205.129	5.96 ± 0.036	-
			255.129	6.28 ± 0.025f	-

Description: figure at load 255.129 g followed by letters did not differ significantly which was tested with the SNK test (p = 0.05) the number at a load of 255.129 g followed by * there was a significant difference with the 2nd day which was tested by independent t-test (p = 0.05)

 

Table 5: pH test results of peel-off gel mask extract Carrot peel

	Carbopol  940	Propylene glycol	Day2	Day21
Formula 1	0.5 g	5 g	7.66 ± 0.015b	7.88 ± 0.015
Formula 2	0.5 g	7.5 g	7.44 ± 0.011c	7.51 ± 0.010
Formula 3	0.5 g	10 g	7.52 ± 0.011d	7.62 ± 0.010
Formula 4	1 g	5 g	6.82 ± 0.005a	7.15 ± 0.015
Formula 5	1 g	7.5 g	6.65 ± 0.010e	6.95 ± 0.025
Formula 6	1 g	10 g	6.77 ± 0.021f	7.07 ± 0.005
Formula 7 (tanpa ekstrak)	0.5 g	5 g	6.83 ± 0.028a	7.15 ± 0.030
Produk	-	-	5.01 ± 0.035g

 

Remarks: the numbers followed by the letters were not significantly different tested by the SNK test (p=0.05) the numbers followed * there was a significant difference with the 2nd day tested by the independent t-test ( p = 0.05)

 

Spread ability test results:

In the results obtained (table-4), the seven formulas have different dispersion. This is due to the addition of variations in carbopol 940 and propylene glycol. The gel mask becomes more hydrophilic as the addition of high propylene glycol causes the gel mask to become more hydrophilic. The lower the viscosity, the greater the spreadability of the gel mask. Spreadability is inversely proportional to viscosity. The seven formulas have good spreadability and are comfortable when used because of their good dispersion and comfort in use, which ranges from 5-7cm.

 

The results of the tests conducted using the statistical test of the SNK test showed that formula 1 and formula 2 had the same dispersion. Formula 6 and Formula 7 have the same dispersion. Formula 1 and Formula 7 have the same base composition, but Formula 7 does not contain extract and has a different dispersion. This is because the viscosity of formula 1 is low due to the extract so that it has high dispersion.

 

pH test results:

Tests on pH were carried out to determine the pH of the gel mask preparation to match the pH of the skin. The pH requirements for topical preparations are between 4 and 8.⁶

 

During the storage period there was no significant change in pH between day 2 and day 21 when calculated by SPSS. 17.0. Thus, during storage the seven formulas were stable in pH.

Antioxidant activity test results:

The antioxidant activity of carrot peel extract was calculated using a linear regression equation curve, namely between concentration and % reduction. The linear regression equation is y = 4.321 + 0.057x with a correlation value of 0.988 so that the IC₅₀ alue of the carrot peels extract was 801.386ppm.

 

Antioxidant peel-off gel mask Carrot peel extract:

Table 6: Test results of antioxidant activity of gel mask extract Carrot peel

Formula	composition		IC50
	Carbopol 940	Propylene glyco	Day 2	Day 21
Formula 1	0.5 g	5g	1039.076	1202.771
Formula 2	0.5 g	7.5 g	1081.741	1229.917
Formula 3	0.5 g	10 g	964.389	1135.838
Formula 4	1g	5g	1365.591	1506.550
Formula 5	1g	7.5 g	1307.591	1478.600
Formula 6	1g	10 g	1222.917	1459.952
Formula 7 (tanpa ekstrak)	0.5 g	5 g	39084.615	50477.000

 

DISCUSSION:

Carbopol 940 and propylene glycol were used as gelling agents. Both have a high viscosity, which makes them good for controlling the flow properties of topically applied dosage forms because they are cheap, clear, safe, and easy to wash and prepare. ^13-20 Because most diseases are caused by excessive oxidation in the body, the world of medicine and health spends a lot of time talking about free radicals (free radicals) and antioxidants.²¹

On the 21st day of storage, the antioxidant activity of the seven formulas decreased. The decrease in antioxidant activity was due to the peel-off gel mask base, which was not added with other antioxidant substances, so that the antioxidant compounds in the carrot peel extract were reduced to stabilise the free radicals present in the base. Other antioxidant compounds were not added to the base because there were no errors in determining the antioxidant activity of the extract in the peel-off gel mask. In addition, due to environmental conditions during storage, such as light that can enter into less-tight containers. The length of storage also affects the antioxidant activity of the peel-off gel mask preparation. The longer the storage time, the less the antioxidant activity in the peel-off gel mask preparation. Because antioxidant compounds are unstable in storage where there is a lot of light.

 

CONCLUSIONS:

The present study shows that carrot peel extract can be made into a good peel-off gel mask preparation by using variations of carbopol 940 base and propylene glycol. And the high concentration of carbopol 940 base and low propylene glycol affect the physical quality of the peel-off gel mask. The characteristics of carrot peel extract are namely: the higher the viscosity, the lower the dispersion, and the more acidic the pH, the longer the drying time and the antioxidant activity, which is getting lower.

 

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21.   Tenda PE, Hilaria M, Wijaya H. Antioxidant activities and quality test of instant Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br.) from East Nusa Tenggara with added ginger (Zingibera officinale Roch). International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research. 2019 Oct 31:15-20.

 

 

 

 

Accepted on 27.07.2022           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2023; 16(4):1869-1874.